|
Swiss Standard German ((ドイツ語:Schweizer Standarddeutsch)), or Swiss High German〔 ((ドイツ語:Schweizer Hochdeutsch) or ''Schweizerhochdeutsch''), referred to by the Swiss as ''Schriftdeutsch'', or ''Hochdeutsch'', is one of four official languages in Switzerland, besides French, Italian and Romansh. It is a variety of Standard German, used in the German-speaking part of Switzerland. It is mainly written, and rather less often spoken. Swiss Standard German is not a German dialect, but a variety of standard German. It is not to be confused with Swiss German, an umbrella term for the various Alemannic German dialects (in the sense of "traditional regional varieties") that are the default everyday languages in German-speaking Switzerland. German is a pluricentric language. In contrast with other local varieties of German, Swiss Standard German has distinctive features in all linguistic domains: not only in phonology, but also in vocabulary, syntax, morphology and orthography. These characteristics of Swiss Standard German are called ''Helvetisms''. ==Written Swiss Standard German== Swiss Standard German is the official written language in German-speaking Switzerland. It is used in books, all official publications (including all laws and regulations), in newspapers, printed notices, most advertising and in other printed matter. Authors write literature in Swiss Standard German, although some specific dialect literature exists. SSG is similar in most respects to the Standard German in Germany and Austria, although there are a few differences in spelling, most notably the replacing of the German ligature ''ß'' with ''ss''. For example: * Strasse = Straße (Germany) = street In some cases different words are used, in some cases using a loanword from another language. For example: * Billett (from French) = Fahrkarte (Germany) = ticket (for bus/tram/train etc.) * Führerausweis ''or'' Billet (''colloquial'') = Führerschein (Germany) = driving licence * Velo (from French) = Fahrrad (Germany) = bicycle * Natel or Handy = Handy/Mobiltelefon (Germany) = mobile phone * parkieren = parken (Germany) = to park In addition, SSG uses different orthography within letter writing and the salutations used for same also differ from Standard German. The Swiss use the Swiss Standard German word "Lernfahrausweis" for a learner's driving permit (note how it differs from the SSG word for a "regular" driving license: "Führerausweis"). The Swiss use the Standard German word "Spital" (hospital). "Spital" is also found in volumes of Standard German language dictionaries; however, Germans from northern Germany prefer to use "Krankenhaus", whereas "Spital" is also used in areas of southern Germany, Austria and Liechtenstein. There are differences in gender for some nouns: * Swiss ''das'' Tram, Germany ''die'' Tram (English: tram, used only in Bavarian and Franconian regions in the South - "Straßenbahn" is used elsewhere in Germany) * Swiss ''das'' E-Mail, Germany ''die'' E-Mail (English: e-mail) Some expressions are borrowed from French and thus differ from usage in Germany, such as *Swiss ''ich habe kalt'' (literally "I have cold"), Germany ''mir ist () kalt'' (literally "() is cold to me") *Swiss ''das geht dir gut'', Germany ''das passt dir gut'' (it suits you) The Swiss keyboard layout has no key, nor does it have the capital Umlaut keys ''Ä'', ''Ö'' and ''Ü''. This dates back to mechanical typewriters that had the French diacritical marks letters on these keys to allow the Swiss to write French on a Swiss German QWERTZ keyboard (and vice versa). Thus a Swiss German VSM keyboard has an key that prints an ''à'' (a-grave) when shifted. However, it is possible to write upper Umlauts by use of caps lock or by using the dead key. The names of municipalities, towns, stations, and streets are usually not written with a starting capital Umlaut, but instead with ''Ae'', ''Oe'' and ''Ue'', such as the Zürich suburb Oerlikon, or the hamlet Aetzikofen, or the Bernese municipality Uebeschi. However, other field names, such as ''Äbenegg'', ''Ötikon'' (next to Stäfa) or ''Überthal'', and any other word, such as ''Ärzte'' (English: physicians), usually start with capital Umlauts. As for the various dialects of Swiss German, they are occasionally written, but their written usage is mostly restricted to informal situations such as private text messages, e-mails, letters, notes, or within social media such as Facebook. The ability of Swiss Germans to transliterate their language into writing is an integral and important part of the identity and culture of German-speaking Switzerland. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Swiss Standard German」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|